Discover how Herat, Afghanistan’s historic art hub, is bringing centuries-old miniature painting and illumination traditions (tazhib) to the international stage through world-class artists and UNESCO-recognized heritage.
Preserving Afghanistan’s Artistic Heritage in Herat
Herat, one of Afghanistan’s oldest cultural centers, continues to play a crucial role in preserving and revitalizing traditional Islamic art. Miniature painting, tazhib (Islamic manuscript illumination), and calligraphy rooted in the historic Herat School are not only taught in local educational institutions but are increasingly gaining recognition at international exhibitions and competitions.
Ustad Kamaluddin Behzad Technical and Vocational Institute: A Home for Creativity
Located in the Gazargah area of Herat city, the Ustad Kamaluddin Behzad Technical and Vocational Institute offers a lush and spacious environment that immerses visitors in art from the moment they enter. The institute’s walls are adorned with paintings, tazhib, and diverse artworks, creating a multisensory experience that evokes a profound sense of peace and inspiration.
Founded in 1997, the institute provides training in miniature painting, tazhib, calligraphy, and graphic arts. At its peak, over 100 students trained annually under nearly 20 instructors. Due to economic challenges, changing governance, and limited international recognition, current enrollment is around 50 students with fewer instructors. Despite these limitations, the institute remains a vital hub for preserving Afghanistan’s artistic heritage.
Seyed Shamsuddin Nuri Zada, head of the miniature section, explains: “Our primary mission is to preserve traditional art and cultural values and pass them on to the younger generation. Although access to high-quality materials is limited and expensive, we strive to ensure our students receive the best possible training.”
Student Rohullah adds: “I hope to one day create globally recognized artworks and showcase Afghanistan’s authentic art to audiences worldwide.”
The Herat School of Art: A Timurid Legacy
The Herat School flourished in the 15th century during the Timurid Dynasty, when the city became a hub for art, literature, and philosophy. Kamal al-Din Bihzad’s innovations elevated this school to international prominence.
- Color Palette: Rich, jewel-like hues such as lapis lazuli, vermilion, and gold are applied with meticulous precision, creating spiritual depth.
- Composition: Geometric and multi-dimensional layouts depict figures in architectural or natural settings, often narrating mystical or heroic stories.
- Illumination in Manuscripts: Tazhib integrates intricate arabesque motifs with calligraphy to enhance both visual beauty and sacred meaning.
Tazhib (illumination) involves decorating manuscripts with geometric and floral patterns, gold leaf, and vibrant colors. In the Herat School, it frames calligraphy like a heavenly border, giving manuscripts a regal and spiritual aura.
Contemporary Artists on the Global Stage
Mohammad Yunus Jami, a leading tazhib artist from Herat, won 5th place in the International Calligraphy and Illumination Conference in Fujairah, UAE. His work, crafted in the Herat School style using 24K gold and handmade pigments, reflects both tradition and contemporary creativity. In an interview with Khate-Nakhost, he said: “Participating in international events is a cultural responsibility. I aim to introduce Afghanistan’s authentic art to the world. I see a bright future for tazhib in our country, provided artists receive proper support.”
Similarly, Habib-ur-Rehman Soltani earned 3rd place in the classic tazhib category at the Abu Dhabi International Al-Burda Festival, competing among 99 entries. His piece, titled “O Muhammad, We Did Not Send You Except as a Mercy to the Worlds,” was praised by the jury. Established in 2004 by the UAE Ministry of Culture, the festival promotes Islamic art and supports Muslim artists globally, attracting participants from Iran, Turkey, Morocco, and beyond.
UNESCO Recognition and Future Prospects
The miniature art style of Kamal al-Din Bihzad has been officially recognized by UNESCO as part of Afghanistan’s cultural heritage. Abdul Qadeer Aslamzada, an instructor at the institute, commented: “UNESCO’s recognition has renewed hope for greater attention to miniature art and the Behzad Institute. It may spark a new era of growth and global recognition for this art form.”
Despite financial and political challenges—including limited international recognition and reduced support—the traditional arts of Herat, particularly miniature painting and tazhib, continue to thrive through education, creativity, and international exposure.
Why Herat’s Art Matters Globally
From its 15th-century Timurid roots to its modern-day presence in international festivals, Herat’s art represents the resilience, innovation, and cultural richness of Afghanistan. The fusion of historical techniques with contemporary vision ensures that miniature painting and illumination arts remain relevant, admired, and celebrated worldwide.
